Many workers are presented with thermal hazards such as molten metals, arc flash, hot liquids, and flame. In environments where these hazards are present, flame-resistant (FR) personal protective equipment (PPE) is of paramount importance. When selecting such gear there are many important terms that one may be confronted with. The most common distinction is inherent fabric vs. treated fabrics.
A piece of protective equipment can be classified as an inherent fabric if it is woven using some percentage of a fiber that is itself chemically flame-resistant. These are generally oxidized fibers or fibers synthetically derived from petrochemicals that have been chemically altered. In such garments, the flame-resistant properties are inherently present in the fiber’s polymer structure and can never be lost due to washing the garment.
Protective equipment may be labeled as a treated fabric if fibers have been chemically treated to achieve FR properties, either before weaving or as a chemical finish on the garment. Some treated fabrics can lose their FR capabilities over time or with frequent or improper washing, although advances in the FR field have produced treated fabrics that retain their protective qualities for the entire lifetime of the product. The first such treated fabric was introduced in 1987, and the difference in efficacy between treated and inherent FR fabrics has been shrinking ever since. Even so, many purchasers of FR equipment turn instead to inherent fabrics or inherently flame retardant fabric due to the ongoing misconception that all treated FR garments will lose their protective properties over time.
Inherent vs. Heat Treated Fabrics
Heat-treated fabrics are materials made from the addition of flame-retardant chemicals to provide some level of flame resistance. The additive forms a strong bond with the polymer of the fiber, which is often itself not flame-resistant. This bond is difficult or impossible to remove when proper laundering and care is applied. One potential pitfall of such gear is that there is no way to visually inspect that the FR quality of the equipment is intact. If outside the useful lifetime of the equipment, or if improperly laundered, the FR qualities may be reduced or removed with almost no way to determine that this has happened.
This problem is not present with inherent FR fabrics, as the chemical properties of the fibers themselves cannot be washed out. This may cause inherent fabrics to sell at higher costs since they typically offer longer useful lifetimes. Since there is no regulatory body governing the use of this term, however, it has often been applied loosely—often to garments containing no more than 15% FR fibers blended with naturally flammable fibers. Some garments that are woven of natural fibers treated before the weaving process have even been marketed as inherent, so to some extent, the term has lost meaning.
Inherent FR Fabrics: Pros and Cons
The primary advantages of inherent FR fabrics include:
Garments will not ignite in normal O2 concentrations
May char or expand (typically garments created with oxidized fibers) to provide increased thermal resistance under continuous exposure to a thermal hazard
Lightweight
The most notable disadvantages of inherent FR fabrics include:
Higher upfront cost (albeit offset by longer useful lifetime)
Purportedly less comfortable than some treated fabrics of cotton or other cellulosic origins
Inconsistency in application of the term ‘inherent fabric’ or ‘inherently flame retardant fabric’ that is often driven by marketing motives, rather than science and metrics relating to performance
Treated FR Fabrics: Pros and Cons
Here are some of the primary advantages of treated FR fabrics:
Cheaper than most inherent garments
Many available treated fabrics now provide life-of-garment FR protection
Generally considered more comfortable
Many available treated fabrics now only char similar to inherent fabrics, rather than combusting when exposed to a heat source
Most treated fabrics will spontaneously extinguish a flame when the source of heat is removed
The largest disadvantages of treated fabrics include:
Some treated fabrics will lose their protective qualities over time
Some treated fabrics off-gas as a method of flame retardancy, producing harmful gases that in some cases include gaseous cyanide
Many treated fabrics use increased mass as a means of increasing FR metrics such as TPP, which can increase heat strain and decrease comfort when wearing a heavier garment for extended periods
Some 88% cotton, 12% nylon (88/12 FR) and 100% cotton blends, in particular, lose their protective qualities over time with even proper laundering
If the flame-resistant capabilities have diminished, there is no way to tell upon visual inspection
Tex Tech: The Industry Leaders in FR Fabric Technology
Even with an understanding of the differences and usages of terms such as treated and inherent, the key factor is ultimately the safety and protective value offered to the wearer. In this regard, a more important distinction is proven vs. unproven. Tex Tech and our CarbonX brand have repeatedly proven effective in laboratory testing, as well as in the field—all with the added benefits of comfort and affordability. We work primarily with inherent fabrics.
CarbonX’s range hoods, gloves, undergarments, and other protective garments for industrial, motor-racing, and firefighting are superior in comfort and durability and made with inherent FR fibers.
Tex Tech provides aircraft seat fire blocking with only inherent fibers—and nothing else blended in—that lasts for many years on an airplane
Tex Tech offers high-tech Thermal Protection System (TPS) fabrics and materials for space launch vehicles to withstand rocket burn and the thermal stresses of re-entry
Tex Tech Industries has been a leader in the engineered textile industry for over a century. Throughout this time, we have devoted enormous resources to research and development in the areas of textile and fiber solutions. We have pioneered more than 7,000 of the best performing products in the marketplace and a wide range of high-performance materials.
We provide innovative solutions for all engineered fabric requirements, backed with best-in-class customer service. We invite you to contact our experienced engineers to discuss how Tex Tech can provide the material solutions you need.
The term “medical textile” refers to materials that are engineered for use in medical applications. It includes anything from versatile fibrous fabrics designed to safely treat wounds to coated and laminated materials used in air holding applications, PPE, and more.
Since these textiles are designed with medical use in mind, they have a number of properties that non-medical textiles do not. For example, they are non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, non-allergenic, antimicrobial, and biocompatible. These qualities ensure they are safe for personnel and patients.
Medical textiles are found in many medical devices and supplies. Below, we highlight some of the typical applications of these textiles.
Non-Implantable Fabric Applications
Non-implantable medical products are used for various external patient care and treatment purposes, including monitoring patient conditions, protecting against infection, and promoting healing. Examples include tourniquets, blood pressure cuffs, inflatable casts, and COPD vests. The materials from which these products are made must be suitable for out-of-body applications and, depending on the application, contact with skin.
Tex Tech medical textiles fully meet these requirements. They exhibit the following properties:
Air holding capabilities
Filtration capabilities
Antimicrobial
Low to no virus/blood penetration
Thermal resistance
Flame retardance
Radiation shielding
Abrasion resistance
IR/RF/Heat weldability
Healthcare and Hygiene Medical Fabric Applications
In the healthcare industry, maintaining clean and sanitary conditions is important to ensuring the health and safety of patients and personnel. Medical fabrics for health and hygiene are used not only by hospitals but also by healthcare facilities and individuals for home use. Products for use in healthcare and hygiene should be clean, contamination-free, and prevent the spread of contaminants and pathogens. They may either be washable or discarded after a single-use.
Tex Tech offers healthcare fabrics that are used in the following applications:
Medical Isolation Gowns Level (Level 1-4)
PPE face masks
Medical beds (inflation chambers to reduce bed sores)
Pressure Infuser Bags (PIB)
Shoe covers
Medical tray covers
COPD vests
Medical braces
Inflatable tourniquets
Blood pressure cuffs
More
Our fabrics are cleanable, comfortable. and antimicrobial. Additionally, medical fabrics from Tex Tech can be either reusable or disposable for reduced or eliminated virus/blood penetration.
Contact the Tex Tech Experts for Your Medical Fabrics Needs Today
Looking for quality fabrics for your medical application? Turn to the engineered textile experts at Tex Tech Industries! Equipped with over 100 years of experience, we have the knowledge and skill necessary to develop the appropriate products for nearly any application or industry, including non-implantable and hygiene-focused medical products.
For more information about our medical textile offerings or custom capabilities, contact us today. To discuss your textile requirements with one of our team members, request a quote.
Medical treatment requires close contact between the patient and health workers. That’s why every product used in this industry must meet strict standards. Medical devices often require fabrics treated with a polymer coating to impart the necessary characteristics for proper form fit and function.
Tex-Tech is a leading medical fabric coating manufacturer, utilizing different polymers like urethane, PVC and silicone. We use state-of-the-art technology to create coatings with exceptional durability, microbial resistance, and air-holding capability. We offer a comprehensive range of coated medical fabrics for medical device manufacturers to enhance patient care and safety.
Common Equipment Coatings Used in the Medical Industry
Tex-Tech utilizes industry-leading textile coating and lamination processes to ensure our products meet the highest quality and standards. Tex-Tech applies various polymers to the fabric surface to enhance the underlying material’s capability to hold air and liquid and allows the material to be fused or welded using hot or radio frequency welding. TPU (urethane) is the most common type of polymer in RF or hot welding.
We offer a range of polymer coating options, including:
Polyurethane
Silicone
PVC
Acrylic
Rubber (Including EPDM, Fluoroelastic, and natural nitrile)
Phenolic
The Purpose of Medical Coatings
Medical coating is crucial to uphold the sanitary and health standards of the industry. All medical instruments must meet certain sterility levels and standards to be suitable for use in medical settings.
Polymer coating allows the welding of fabrics to make them capable of holding air. Some devices that require this capability include blood pressure cuffs, pressure infuser bags, inflatable tourniquets, hyperbaric chambers, casts, and cold/ice therapy devices.
Medical coating also prevents liquid penetration and maintains antimicrobial properties for the devices. Other applications for medical coating include:
Chemical stability: Medical devices should withstand different chemical environments. Medical coating adds a hard surface that protects the devices from abrasion, chipping, or scratching.
Decoration and marking: Medical coating manufacturers use their techniques to add markers on their devices to ensure that defective devices can be isolated and traced back to the source. Medical coating is also crucial in providing as much information as possible to facilitate proper use.
Hospital furniture and treatment seating: From treatment tables to chemotherapy chairs to bedside seating, hospital furniture must be durable enough to withstand frequent cleaning and sanitization while keeping patients and visitors comfortable.
Medical professional wearables: Medical professionals need comfortable, durable wearables to protect them from exposure to hazardous and biohazardous substances. Wearables include surgical gowns, aprons, shoe covers, protective shielding, and more.
Benefits of Medical Coatings
Textile coating can enhance a material’s characteristics and improve its performance based on the specification and application of the target product. Some of the typical characteristics that textile coating can improve in a medical device include:
Flame resistance
Weldability
Waterproofing
Thermal resistance
Durability
Abrasion resistance
Air holding capabilities
Noise abatement capabilities
Antimicrobial properties
Medical coating is also crucial in the biomedical field to make implants better suited to interact with bone tissues. Besides that, here are other additional benefits of medical coating:
Rapid bone growth
Biocompatibility
Accelerated healing
Engineered bond strength
Low oxide coating
Interconnected porosity
Medical Coating with Tex-Tech
Medical coating is a crucial process in the manufacture of medical devices to deliver high patient safety standards required by the industry. Several methods are used in medical coating, with textile and polymer coating being the most notable options.
Tex-Tech is a trusted supplier of medical coatings for medical device manufacturers. With more than a century of experience and cutting-edge technologies, and we’re capable of providing superior-quality textile solutions that meet all our customer’s needs and standards. Request a quote to get started or call us at 336-992-7500.
Today, lithium-ion batteries are found in many electronics, from smartphones to medical devices to cars. They provide reliable power with recharging capabilities. However, the popularity of this type of battery requires knowledge of what to do in the event of a lithium battery fire. Specializing in flame-retardant materials and fabrics, Tex Tech is an industry expert in handling this type of hazard.
Learn the risks related to lithium batteries, how to prevent a fire, and what to do to put out a lithium battery fire.
Why Do Lithium Batteries Catch Fire?
If a lithium battery overheats, it can burst into flames. This thermal instability, referred to as thermal runaway, happens when flaming gases are vented from the lithium-ion cells in the battery. The overheating of one failing cell causes a chain reaction in the other cells. The reaction can happen within milliseconds to hours, depending on how quickly each cell fails. The exothermic heat given off during the reaction may be sufficient to start a fire.
Triggers for lithium battery fires include:
Short circuits. Improper storage, damage, and metal dust left over from manufacturing can cause circuits to short, leading to combustion.
Overheating. Extreme temperatures on loading docks, cargo holds, or tarmacs can lead to overheating or fire during transit or storage.
Rough handling. Dropping a battery or jostling it excessively during transport or use can set off thermal runaway.
Physical damage. Damage from shredding or dismantling a battery during recycling operations can result in an explosion.
Wet/humid conditions. Rainwater, salty air, and humidity might cause short circuits and trigger thermal runaway even without prior damage to the battery.
How to Put Out a Lithium Battery Fire
In the case of a lithium battery fire, there are several ways to extinguish it based on the size and type of battery.
Class D fire extinguishers are effective against lithium-metal battery fires. Lithium-ion battery fires are Class B fires, indicating the presence of flammable liquids, so a standard dry chemical or ABC extinguisher can put them out. Lithium battery fire extinguishers counteract the liquid electrolytes in the battery that create conductive pathways.
Small lithium batteries contain very little lithium, so they can be doused with water. To put out large lithium-ion battery fires, use a foam extinguisher containing CO2, powder graphite, ABC dry chemical, or sodium carbonate.
In battery pack fires, each cell may burn on a different timeline. Place the battery pack in a protected outdoor space to allow it to completely burn out.
If a fire cannot be extinguished, let the battery burn out in a controlled way. Prevent the fire from spreading by soaking the surrounding area with water.
How to Prevent a Lithium Battery Fire
Recognizing the warning signs of a failing lithium battery is paramount to preventing a fire. Unusual heat, noise, smoke, odor, or swelling are all indications that the battery is failing.
Follow these tips to prevent a lithium battery fire from taking place.
Buy batteries from reputable manufacturers.
Never try to recharge non-rechargeable batteries.
Once a charging cycle is complete, disconnect the battery from the charger.
Use the charger that came with the battery or one approved as compatible by the manufacturer.
Keep batteries away from extreme temperatures.
Charge batteries in a fire-safe charging bag, if possible.
Inspect batteries after they are first installed and periodically after recharging. If they appear damaged, do not recharge.
Remove lithium-ion batteries from items before storage.
If a charging device emits excessive heat, unplug it from the power source and store it away from combustible objects until the device has cooled down. If necessary, replace the battery or call the fire department.
Choose Tex Tech for Lithium Battery Fire Safety
Lithium-ion batteries allow us many conveniences. To use these power supplies responsibly, we should be aware of how to prevent and put out lithium-ion battery fires. Though these events are rare, it is best to be prepared.
Tex Tech is a leading manufacturer of high-performance industrial textiles, including flame-retardant fabrics for high-temperature or fire applications. Contact us or request a quote to learn more about how our products and capabilities can serve you.
CoreFX is a cutting-edge, flame-retardant fabric solution for multilayer garments. It ensures advanced fire protection using a comfortable and lightweight material, helping firefighters stay safe and more agile on the job. Our advanced materials technology combines a 44% Kermel fiber with 55% para-aramid core and 1% antistatic material to drastically reduce the danger of fire and explosion hazards for those who need it most.
Properties and Performance of CoreFX Fire & Heat-Resistant Fabric
The Kermel fiber with para-aramid core withstands temperatures of up to 1000° C/1800° F, and in double flashover testing, the Kermel CoreFX equipment endured eight seconds without breaking open, leaving no third-degree burns.
This advanced, protective fire-retardant clothing meets or exceeds numerous technical industry design standards for protective firefighting equipment, including:
EN-ISO 11612 – Flexible flame and heat protection
EN 1149-5 – Electrostatic discharge prevention
EN 469 – Firefighting PPE standards
ISO 13934-1 – Tensile strength > 2400 N warp/weft
ISO 13937-2 – Tear strength > 270 warp/weft
ISO 12947-2 – Abrasion resistance, lasting more than 50,000 cycles
The Kermel CoreFX fabric is also incredibly comfortable, weighing less than 200 grams per square meter, allowing firefighters to move quickly with reduced fatigue.
An Economical Solution to Fire Fighting Service Needs
CoreFX solves numerous pain points left unaddressed by other brands, and all in a highly affordable, user-friendly solution. While most other brands have high-cost products that are uncomfortable for the wearer, CoreFX garments provide much more comfort with a lightweight design. As a result, firefighters can perform at peak levels while confident they are as protected as they are comfortable.
The CoreFX technology also provides excellent strength and mechanical resistance, as well as resistance to liquid chemicals (per EN-ISO 6530). It also withstands up to a minimum of 25 washes at 40°C.
Benefits of CoreFX
With its competitive price, CoreFX is the premium durable fabric the first responder community has been waiting for. We’ve further improved on the previous para-aramid fabrics to create enhanced UV-blocking properties to reduce degradation and provide a longer material lifespan. Garments worn in regions with longer exposure to UV will see the tear and tensile strength retained for longer with the unique fabric design of CoreFX.
There are also two different durable water-repellent (DWR) finishes available, including:
Panoguard – C6 multi-wash with high-repellency finish
Eco Guard – PFOA/PFOS-free, multi-wash with high-repellency finish
These benefits extend to other high-risk uses as well, such as flight coveralls for pilots and protective suits for soldiers. The result is a new line of protective fabrics that withstand more extreme conditions than any previous alternative.
Choose Tex Tech For Enhanced Protection
Tex Tech is a world leader in the development and production of ultra-high-performance textiles, designed to endure the most intense conditions. We are continually pushing the boundaries on protective fabric technology, and our advanced research and development processes have advanced the field of first-responder equipment numerous times. We’re proud to do so again with our CoreFX Kermel and para-aramid core fabrics.
For more information, don’t hesitate to contact Tex Tech Industries or request a quote and one of our highly knowledgeable service technicians will promptly be in touch.
Lithium-ion batteries, or li-ion batteries, are an increasingly popular choice for a variety of commercial and consumer electronics. Today, users find them in everything from smartphones and tablets to electric vehicles. There are three key reasons why li-ion batteries have become so popular:
The batteries are long-lasting and allow for long device use cycles
The batteries can be recharged relatively quickly
Li-ion batteries are light in weight
These positive attributes are quickly making lithium-ion batteries a default option. However, there is a small chance that they could burst into flames.
What Is Thermal Runaway?
Li-ion batteries pose a small risk of bursting into flame because of a phenomenon called thermal runaway. If lithium-ion batteries are heated to a temperature above their maximum threshold, this triggers a sequence of chemical breakdowns in the battery. The chemical breakdowns themselves agitate the situation by rapidly increasing the battery’s temperature. As a result, the battery’s materials can ignite and generate intensely hot flames. The most common causes of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries are:
Internal short-circuiting
External short-circuiting
Both causes can be due to either insufficient battery maintenance or direct physical damage. The risk of thermal runaway is very small, at approximately three packs per million. However, because of the severity of the potential hazard, companies that manufacture or use li-ion batteries need to ensure the problem is satisfactorily eliminated.
Preventing Thermal Runaway in Batteries
Four simple ways manufacturers, suppliers, and users can prevent thermal runaway and sudden fires include:
Don’t Overcharge. When batteries are charged more than they need, this can damage the battery and increase the risk of thermal runaway.
Proper Storage Temperature. If li-ion batteries are stored in hot environments, this can make the batteries more vulnerable to the start of a thermal runaway chain reaction.
Proper Ventilation. When batteries and tangential circuitry overheat, they’re more susceptible to heat damage. Ventilation and air circulation (especially with cool, dry air) can extend the safe lifespan of batteries.
Replace Old Batteries. While li-ion batteries have extended lifespans, they shouldn’t be used indefinitely. Replace and assess old batteries to ensure you’re only using safe batteries in critical or sensitive equipment.
Transporting Li-Ion Batteries
Throughout the supply chain, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers need to follow regulations and best practices while transporting lithium-ion batteries. Specifically, they need to follow Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) rules when transporting li-ion batteries by water, rail, highway, or air.
At Tex Tech, we help transporters follow these rules and requirements with materials such as our Fire Containment Cover (FCC). This cover can lay on palletized cargo, such as containers of li-ion batteries, to starve fires by blocking oxygen from feeding the flames. Freight forwarders, airline operators, and other parties throughout the supply chain can use these covers as a voluntary, supplemental protection to contain and minimize the risk of flame damage and mass thermal runaways. In addition, our materials can be used in the construction of Unit Load Devices (ULD) to provide lithium battery flame protection for these air cargo containers.
Electric Vehicle Fire Risks
While flames from li-ion batteries in consumer electronics are concerning, thermal runaway in li-ion electric car batteries poses a much more severe risk. Firefighters, especially, face unique challenges when they respond to a car accident with an electric car, as the damaged battery may spontaneously ignite and cause severe injuries or death. Not only do li-ion car batteries ignite seemingly spontaneously, but they require a lot of water to put out the flames and can even reignite once the fire has been controlled. At Tex Tech, we’ve developed materials that can contain and help extinguish the flames in minutes. These materials can be used in the construction of the battery box or enclosure and will provide burn-through protection for the vehicle. The materials can also be used in blankets that can contain the toxic fumes, smoke, and flames from a car’s li-ion battery. These systems can be very beneficial for fire departments dealing with a vehicle that keeps reigniting.
Choose Tex Tech for Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries and Solutions
At Tex Tech, we specialize in creating innovative flame-retardant materials for use in the modern consumer, commercial, and industrial world. Our materials can be used during shipping, in aerospace and automotive interiors, and in emergency situations. Contact us today to learn more about our woven and non-woven material solutions, manufacturing capabilities, and custom services. You can also request a quote to get started.
Belcotex manufactures sustainable, environmentally friendly fibers that deliver reliability and versatility in numerous applications. These noncombustible fibers are designed for use with high operating temperatures up to 1050° C. Belcotex’s fibrous materials provide protection, insulation, sealing, filtering, and strengthening.
Tex Tech Industries utilizes Belcotex fibers in our high-end, woven, and nonwoven textiles, selected for the distinct advantages they deliver in a broad range of applications. Our proprietary Tex Tech Woven Style 10089 is composed of Belcotex fibers, providing unmatched benefits in the applications they serve.
About Tex Tech Woven Style 10089
Tex Tech Woven Style 10089 is a high-performance fabric that features quality construction with the following specifications:
100% Belcotex fibers, free from organic binders
Shot-free (Fiber Index 100)
Non-respirable
2×2 basket weave
30×15 warp/picks per inch
Tex Tech Woven Style 10089 features superior thermal properties, with a melting range greater than 1500° C. This fiber is designed for long-term continuous use at temperatures up to 1050° C, making it an ideal selection for a range of high-temperature operations and purposes. Mechanical properties of the Tex Tech Woven Style 10089 include:
Weight of 15.7 OPSY
04” thickness
2% shrinkage at 475° F over two hours
MD breaking strength of 121.67 lbs.
CMD breaking strength of 62 lbs.
7 Mullen burst (lbs./in²)
Superior drapability
Very soft hand
Woven fibers are available for combination with non-woven fibers. Virtually any woven fiber can be used, including popular options such as:
Pre-ox pan
Para-aramids
Meta-aramids
SiO2 fibers
Pre-ox pan and para-aramid spunlace
Applications & Benefits
Tex Tech’s Woven Style 10089 is ideally suited for use in high stakes industries such as:
Aerospace
Defense
Automotive
Industrial/construction
With the use of Belcotex fibers, the Tex Tech Woven Style 10089 delivers distinctive benefits and capabilities.
Protection
Belcotex fibers are used to protect people, capital goods, and the environment. You’ll find these fibers in non-toxic, life-saving systems; fireproof endothermic acoustic insulation and fire blocker; as well as passenger seats on airplanes; efficient automobile emission control; and heat shields and insulation within passenger vehicles.
Insulation
Belcotex fibers are used as insulating materials for the purposes of saving energy and other resources while reducing emissions, supporting efficient emission control within the automotive industry, and in a range of industrial applications.
Sealing
For heat and fire safety, Belcotex fibers deliver high-temperature heat sealing. These fibers are trusted in airplane passenger cabins, automobiles, and in a wide range of industrial applications.
Filtration
Belcotex fibers are used to filter gases and fluids used in life-supporting systems, such as those found in passenger aircraft.
Strengthening
Belcotex’s lightweight construction technologies and fiber-reinforced composites provide strength to improve the durability and reliability of the products and components in which these fibers are used.
Learn More About Belcotex Products from Tex Tech
Belcotex fibers offer superior qualities that allow Tex Tech to produce high-performance, reliable materials for clients, serving a range of industries and applications. These superior fibers can be combined with other fiber material to create custom solutions offering the properties required to meet the needs of any application.
Learn more about how Tex Tech Industries uses Belcotex non-woven fibers to create superior textile options for a wide range of industries. Contact us today.
Tex Tech Experts
Tex Tech Industries Inc. is a leading developer and supplier of engineered, high-performance materials globally, and we are committed to providing innovative solutions for each of our customers. We serve wide-ranging industries, including aerospace, protective apparel, automotive, law enforcement, coatings, filtration, 3D weaving, and high-performance materials. Contact us today to learn more about our offerings, or request a quote to get started.
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Lithium-ion batteries, or li-ion batteries, are an increasingly popular choice for a variety of commercial and consumer electronics. Today, users find them in everything from smartphones and tablets to electric vehicles. There are three key reasons why li-ion batteries have become so popular:
